ABSTRACT
Atualmente, as micotoxinas representam um risco de contaminação ambiental, acarretando sérios prejuízos à saúde humana. Essas toxinas podem estar presentes em diferentes tipos de alimentos, que constituem a principal fonte de exposição para o homem. As exposições podem ser monitoradas através do uso de biomarcadores, que elucidam a relação causa/efeito e dose/efeito na avaliação de risco à saúde para fins de diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica do período de 1981-2005, no MEDLINE, sobre utilização e propostas de biomarcadores para a exposição a aflatoxinas, fumonisinas, desoxinivalenol e ocratoxina A. Os possíveis biomarcadores para avaliar a exposição humana às aflatoxinas foram os metabólitos urinários de aflatoxina B1, como aflatoxina M1, aflatoxina P1, aflatoxina Q1, aflatoxina livre em soro ou plasma, os adutos de AFB-N7-guanina, os adutos de albumina ou mutação no gene supressor de tumor p53, presentes em fluidos biológicos. Para as fumonisinas, os biomarcadores foram os níveis de fumonisina B1 e fumonisina B2 livres, ou de esfinganina e esfingosina em sangue e urina. O desoxinivalenol tem como biomarcadores de exposição os produtos de seu metabolismo e adutos macromoleculares (proteína/DNA) presentes nos fluidos biológicos. Para a exposição à ocratoxina A (OA) os biomarcadores se restringem à quantificação da própria toxina nos fluidos biológicos. A avaliação da exposição às micotoxinas constitui um importante aspecto para a saúde pública, tendo em vista a possibilidade de prevenir ou minimizar a incidência de doenças decorrentes da sua interação com o organismo.
Currently, mycotoxins represent a risk of environmental contamination, causing serious damages to human health. Those toxins can be found in different kinds of foods, and they constitute the main source of human exposure. The evaluation of such exposures can be monitored through the use of biomarkers, which elucidates the cause/effect and dose/effect relation in the evaluation of health risks for clinical and laboratory diagnostic purposes. The MEDLINE review about the use of biomarkers for assessment of aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A was carried out from 1981 to 2005. The biomarkers for assessment of human exposure to aflatoxins were the urinary metabolites of aflatoxin B1: aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin P1, aflatoxin Q1, the free aflatoxin in serum or plasma, the AFB-N7-guanine adducts and the albumin adducts or mutation in the tumour suppressor gene p53 present in human biological fluids. As far as fumonisins are concerned, levels of free fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2, or levels of sphinganine and sphingosin, were quantified in blood and urine. As exposure biomarkers, deoxynivalenol has its own metabolism products and adducts (protein/DNA) present in human fluids. As to ochratoxin A exposure, we measure it in biological fluids, once it enables us to prevent or minimize the incidence of deaths or illnesses provoked by chemical exposure.
Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Exposure , Biomarkers , Mycotoxicosis/diagnosis , Mycotoxins/toxicity , Mycotoxins/blood , Mycotoxins/urineABSTRACT
The investigations of four Cases involving mold-contaminated buildings and human reaction to exposure, documents tests of extracted urine containing trichothecene mycotoxins confirming exposure and the diagnosis of mycotoxicosis in humans. In each of four Cases, the urine demonstrated antibiotic activity, sulfuric acid charring, and protein release. Urine was extracted using ethyl acetate 40V/60V[EA]. Extracted mycotoxin spotted on (TLC) displayed color and a range of (rf) between 0.2-0.6 using various solvents. Extract was re-suspended using 50% ethanol V/V to inject mycotoxins into weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats. Degeneration and necrosis of the rat's tissue followed. Koch's Postulates conditions were fulfilled by isolation of the causative agent, the trichothecene mycotoxins and the reproduction of disease. Examination of human tissue within the urine extraction group confirms Koch's Postulates and comparative pathology confirms inhalation Mycotoxicosis, with severe necrosis of the central nervous system and severe scarring within the lungs. Extraction of mycotoxins from human patient urine is a very useful confirmatory test to demonstrate exposure and identify mycotoxicosis. Low concentrations (6%) of sodium hypochlorite were ineffective against the activity of trichothecene mycotoxin. The severity or stages of disease directly correlates the level of exposure or poisoning (Patent Pending).
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects , Central Nervous System/pathology , Child , Female , Housing , Humans , Inhalation Exposure , Lung/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Mycotoxicosis/diagnosis , Trichothecenes/toxicity , UrinalysisABSTRACT
Nueve personas padecieron de un severo micetismo en junio de 1999 por comer basidiomas de amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Secr. recolectadas en Linares (VII región). Dos de los pacientes fallecieron. Se hace referencia también a algunos de los hongos venenosos más comunes en Chile
Subject(s)
Humans , Agaricus phalloides , Amanita/pathogenicity , Mycotoxicosis/diagnosis , Mycotoxicosis/therapyABSTRACT
En el planeta existe una gran variedad de setas, muchas de ellas tóxicas e incluso mortales. La intoxicación alimentaria por la ingestión de hongos (micetismo) es un problema muy difundido cuyo diagnóstico se confunde o pasa inadvertido. Se señalan los estados de la República en donde el mecetismo se presenta con mayor frecuencia, se alude a su cuadro clínico, diagnóstico y tratamiento
Subject(s)
Humans , Basidiomycota/pathogenicity , Foodborne Diseases/etiology , Mycotoxicosis/diagnosis , Mycotoxicosis/epidemiology , Mycotoxicosis/therapyABSTRACT
Este artigo aborda os fatores que favorecem a contaminação dos alimentos humanos e animais por fungos (mofos), tanto pela via direta, quando o próprio alimento serve como substrato para o crescimento de espécies toxigênicas, quanto pela via indireta. As condições para a ocorrência, diagnóstico e controle das micotoxicoses são relatadas. Nos animais de açougue, os efeitos de ordem econômica, sanitária e comercial foram referidos. As micotoxicoses humanas e animais, suas características principais, os agentes com os respectivos substratos e micotoxinas envolvidos foram tabulados. Por fim, o autor revela o propósito de que esta temática, a micotoxicologia, ocupe o espaço que lhe cabe, como um dos mais importantes capítulos da patologia toxicológica atual, ainda relegado.
This paper reports the factors related with lhe human and animal contamination by fungi (molds), through direct way when food plays lhe role of the substratum for the growing of toxigenic species or through indirect way. Conditions to lhe 31 ocurrence, diagnosis and contrai of the mycotoxicosis are listed. The effects of economical, sanitary and commercial arder in lhe slaughtering animais were referred. Human and animal mycotoxicosis, their main characteristics, the agents with their substratum and mycotoxins were shown in tables. Finally, lhe author mencioned his purpose that this subject - mycotoxicology - can reach in the future its real dimension as lhe most important chapter of lhe modern toxicological pathology.
Subject(s)
Food Contamination/analysis , Mycotoxicosis/diagnosis , Fungi/pathogenicity , Mycotoxins/analysisABSTRACT
Se cita por primera vez en Chile Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr) Secr., junto a su descripción macro y microscópica, y algunos aspectos de su ecología. Se aporta información sobre sus toxinas, métodos de detección y cuadro clínico de la intoxicación faloidiana